Catch 22 By: Joseph Heller Essay

Catch 22 has many scenes of violence in it that helps to contribute to the meaning of the complete work. The first scene of violence that helps portray the complete meaning of the novel is Kid Sampson being cut in half by McWatt while flying his plane too low to the ground. The second scene of violence was when Yossarian broke Nately’s nose on Thanksgiving while some men were playing around with the machine gun. And finally the last example of violence in Catch 22 the help contributes to the meaning of the novel is Milo Minderbinder making a contract with the Germans to have him fire on his own unit to help the syndicate. These scenes give a good idea on how the violence of Catch 22 contributes to the meaning of the complete work of the novel and shows the importance of the violence to the novel. The first scene of violence that helps portray the meaning the novel Catch 22 is McWatt accidently killing Kid Sampson on the beach. McWatt was flying way too low to the ground like he does all of the time and flew over the beach. Then he went right at Kid Sampson and then sliced him to pieces with the blade of his ship. Kid Sampson was at the beach with everyone else and he was standing on a raft when he got hit by the plane. McWatt was on a training flight with two new pilots showing them how to fly when it happened. They parachuted out of the plane and he rode it into the side of a mountain. Everyone thought Doc Daneeka died in the plane accident becasue McWatt put Doc Daneeka name down for flight hours but he was really on the ground with everyone else. Yossarian warns him about flying so low but he still decides to fly low to the ground. Colonel Cathcart is so devastated about what happened he made the missions go up even more than it was before. This is how McWatt accidently ki lling Kid Sampson is important to the novel. The second scene of violence in Catch 22 is Yossarian breaking Nately’s nose on Thanksgiving when Nately tried to stop Yossarian from shooting the guys firing the machine gun at the base. Then Nately told his whore and she hated Yossarian for that. When Nately got killed in the disastrous crash on the La Spezia mission with Dobbs, Yossarian decides to go to Rome and tell her what happened to Nately. When he was there, she tired to kill and was throwing  stuff at him. Then she keeps following him around wherever he went. She was in the plane when it landed and she was at the base. Then she jumped out of a bush after he got out of the Colonel Cathcart and Colonel Korn office. They were discussing sending home Yossarian and about giving him a medal. But she stabbed him and he had to go to the hospital. This is why Yossarian breaking Nately’s nose on Thanksgiving was important to the story. The last major scene of violence in Catch 22 that was important to the novel had to do with Milo and the M &M Enterprises is in the business for finding the best deals and trading to make a profit for the syndicate. His only failure was buying Egyptian cotton was going to ruin his business because he can’t sell it. He made a deal with the Germans who by the way were the enemies of America in the war. The deal stated that he had to bomb his own outfit and many of his own men were hurt during this. Milo even decided it was best for him to tip off the Germans during a surprise attack by the Americans. But instead of getting punishes for shooting his own unit the public celebrates all of his profits he made. His explanation for playing for both sides was if it benefits the syndicate it benefits the men and it is worth taking a risk for. Then he decides he wants to fly more missions because he has only seven but Colonel Cathcart makes him agree to have the men fly his missions for him. This is the cause for more un needed deaths in the novel. This is how Milos bombing his own unite helps show how violent scenes are important to the novel. Throughout the novel Catch 22 there are many scenes of violence. These violent scenes help to contribute to t he meaning of the book. The first scene was when Yossarian broke Nately’s nose during the Thanksgiving celebration which causes Nately’s whore to hate him. The second scene of violence that contributed to the meaning of the book was when McWatt Killed Kid Sampson with his airplane. And finally the last scene was when Milo started shooting at his own unit after making a deal whit the Germans. This is how these scenes help to contribute to the whole meaning of Catch 22.

Status Quo

Developing and retaining highly qualified teachers continues to be a critical need (Berry, 2004; Darling-Hammond & Sykes, 2003). As more teachers retire and school populations continue to grow, an increasing number of schools, universities, and states are implementing programs to ease induction, develop quality teachers, and inform educational practices. Therefore, many educators are now turning to action research to achieve these goals. The purpose of Grogan, Donaldson, & Simmons (2007) article Disrupting the Status Quo is to make an argument that unlike traditional research, action research encourages school personnel to systematically develop a question, gather data, and then analyze that data to improve their practice. The article addresses the key question to the appropriateness and relevance of educational leaders undertaking action research projects as the capstone of their doctoral studies (Grogan, Donaldson, & Simmons, 2007). The most important takeaway in this article is that traditional educational preparation programs and the hierarchical structure of public schools tend to perpetuate compliance and maintenance of the status quo. Furthermore, there is a need for transformative learning to help leaders deconstruct conformity to the many social and cultural canons, which have permeated U. S. schools to the detriment of our students. The authors believe that an action research dissertation and mentoring is an essential component in any educational leadership curriculum that aspires to foster the critical, reflective learning that is the hallmark of human and organizational transformation. Gilles & Cramer (2003) supports a combination of appropriate coursework and mentoring help new teachers transition quickly into solid, thoughtful, and strategic teachers. The key concept we need to understand is that action research and the fact that the Ed. D is a professional degree does not minimize the rigor or prestige in comparison to a Ph. D. Since the research, focus of an Ed. D is different from that of a Ph. D, action research focuses on generating knowledge that is workable, make sense, and is credible in more than one setting as opposed to acquiring knowledge for its own sake (Grogan, Donaldson, & Simmons, 2007). The main assumption that the author is making is that there has to be a change in order to transform the learning process. If we take this line of reasoning serious then there should be no kid left behind. The new generation of educational leaders will also have the tools needed to think critically, identify and solve problems facing their institution of higher learning. If we fail to take this line of reasoning seriously, we could end up in worse economic and educational status. Berry, B. (2004). Recruiting and retaining â€Å"highly qualified teachers† for hard-to-staff schools. NASSP Bulletin, 88(638), 5-27. Darling-Hammond, L. & Sykes, G. (2003). Wanted: A national teacher supply policy for education: The right way to meet the â€Å"highly qualified teacher† challenge. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 11(33). Retrieved [22 July 2011] from http://epaa. asu. edu/epaa/v11n33/v11n3 Gilles, C. & Cramer, M. (2003, April). The impact of school-university partnerships on classroom teachers and their teaching. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL. Grogan M. , Donaldson, J. & Simmons J. (2007, May 19). Disrupting the Status Quo: The Action Research Dissertation as a Transformative Strategy. Retrieved from http://cnx. org/content/m14529/1. 2/.

Bullwhip Efect Barilla Spa

The Bullwhip Effect and Barilla SpA The Bullwhip Effect is an observed phenomenon in forecast-driven distribution channels where there is variability up the supply chain. Some of its causes are: Dependent demand processing Forecast Errors Adjustment of inventory control parameters with each demand observation Lead Time Variability (forecast error during replenishment lead time) Lot-sizing/order synchronization Trade promotion and forward buying Anticipation of shortages One way to achieve this is to establish a demand-driven supply chain which reacts to actual customer orders. The result is near-perfect visibility of customer demand and inventory movement throughout the supply chain. Better information leads to better inventory positioning and lower costs throughout the supply chain. Methods intended to reduce uncertainty, variability, and lead time: †¢Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) †¢Just In Time replenishment (JIT) †¢Strategic partnership †¢Information sharing †¢Smooth the flow of products ocoordinate with retailers to spread deliveries evenly oreduce minimum batch sizes osmaller and more frequent replenishments

BUSINESS SKILL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

BUSINESS SKILL - Essay Example stand that the ability to secure the relevant book requires a careful understanding of the topic of concern, allowing one to seek assistance at the slightest possible time. The goal of the library is to provide people with new means of dealing with society issues while making changes as a way of attaining the required level of learning. Libraries are essential, and the modernisation of access to information has made them almost obsolete, but their role should not be overlooked. Jackson’s article on the issue of libraries in today’s society is valid and should be a major concern for society as a whole. The article is an informative one on this issue that meets the immediate demands of the inquisitive mind (Jackson 2011). It looks at the emergence of the internet and the growing notions that the internet is the major provider of knowledge and information required for everyday research as noted amongst the young generation (Vrana & Barbaric 2007: 437). It is for this reason that many are misguided to believe that the library is for the older generation and the isolated people, yet libraries are enriching facilities where people can study and gather critical and enlightening information (Herrera-Viedma & Lopez-Gijon 2013: 1382). Learning has changed to clicking a few links without having any means of discounting the information attained from such sources. The studies conducted on a myriad of websites have been misleading; something that continues to bother many people owing to the misconception that the internet is generally accurate (Jackson 2011). The speed of getting access to an article or information on an issue has tricked many into believing that the library is not sufficient to gather information (Rowlands et al. 2008: 292). However, Jackson notes that the society needs to change this mentality as the faà §ade is not helping the young generation in information gathering. The library has a wealth of information that can fill in the gaps that the mobile

What does the book The American born Chinese reveal about the American Essay

What does the book The American born Chinese reveal about the American religious experience - Essay Example We can see that being an Asian and of Chinese origin, Jin Wang has difficulty is exposing his religious idea and practices in America. He cannot communicate and interact with the Westerners and feel alienated in the community. He is from Chinese background but hesitate to mingle with Asian people. Here, the author is trying to show the world the difference between Asian and American religious perception. From this book it can be understood that American religious experience is less deep and direct than Eastern religious concepts. (Thesis) In America people are more materialistic and they see life as something for pleasure. If we look at the cultural and religious value of Jin Wang, he finds it hard to express it to his peers as he finds it embarrassing. Obviously, the religious beliefs of American people are less prominent than Chinese or Asian people. We can see that most, the American do is visit church and pray. They don’t have beliefs and mythology like Asians or Chinese. The author has made a comic of the story by introducing the Monkey King of Asian mythology to entice the readers. This is the overly and superstitious representation of Asian religious beliefs which is alien to American ideologies. Here, we can see that American religion does not feature gods like Chinese religion and other Asian religion. Asian religion is more based on legends and mythological stories whereas American live on religious laws which are practical. The protagonist of the story is from a conservative Chinese background and cannot assimilate with the American people. But it is to be understood that he find Americans less religious and pious which he cannot accept. The American have their way of life and as Chinese Jin Wang find them having a more direct religious values. We can see that American and Chinese people have their typical culture and religion and Jing Wang liking a girl in school who is Christian feels hesitant to ask her out because of their religious and et hical disparity. Here we can see the struggle and problems a Chinese person undergo being in American land where his religion is looked up on with strange sense. The book reveals the American religious experience is shallow and is they endorse the idea of money, materialistic things and other earthly relationships as representing â€Å"Gods† when they present things before God. For Americans, the religious concepts of Asians have been a thing of dismissal. If they cannot understand the ideologies and scientific reasoning behind them, it does not make our values less important. We can find that many Americans are atheist and this is less common practice in Asia. The book portrays the American religious experience to be passive and not lively like that of Asians. As per ( Koebler,2013) â€Å"Though 20 percent of Americans declared "no religious preference," just 3 percent of respondents said they were "atheists.". The Americans live a life of leisure and God comes only rarely in to picture. The hero of the story cannot resemble with American life and is in a dilemma. In the interaction of Chinese with American communities one can see lot of prejudice and racism. The book reveals the American religious experience can be relevant to Buddhist world. For them there is only one God and Monkey King is absurdity. The social identities of people are different all around world and every culture has its identity and value. We as an immigrant must try to integrate with American postmodern culture. Even the accent of Chinese people differs largely from American people as they have influence of Chinese language in them but it is not less valuable than English. American religious as revealed by the book portrays that Christianity is meaningful and other religion are

Strategic and Financial Decision-making Assignment 2 - 2010 Coursework

Strategic and Financial Decision-making Assignment 2 - 2010 - Coursework Example The ‘beta’ is the most important statistics tool to measure the volatility and the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is a popular model to calculate the return on stock. In this report the beta values of two companies will be calculated using the share prices of the last 24 months. These two companies are British American Tobacco (BATS) and the Petrofac (PFC.L) and both of them are listed in the London Stock Exchange (LSE). British American Tobacco is one of the leading tobacco companies in UK. British American Tobacco produces cigarettes under different brands and has different price range. â€Å"Petrofac is an international provider of facilities solutions to the oil & gas production and processing industries† (Petrofac, 2010). The beta values of both the companies will be calculated using different methodologies that include covariance of the stock return with market returns and the variance of the market returns and the linear regression analysis. For calculating the betas, the monthly stock prices of both the companies were obtained and for market return the index FTSE 100 has been used. All these are the secondary source of data obtained through online sources. The historical stock prices of the both the companies are obtained through ‘Yahoo Finance’ and the historical data of FTSE 100 is also taken from the same online source (Yahoo Finance. 2010). The calculated beta values have been compared with the beta values from the published source. The published source for betas has been taken from the online source, MSN-Money (MSN-Money, U.K. 2010.). The published betas of British American Tobacco and Petrofac are 0.47 and 1.06 respectively. The two methodologies for beta calculation have been used. The first methodology will use the covariance of stock return with market return and the variance of the market return. The following model explains the beta (ÃŽ ²) under the same method. The calculation has

Reflexive managers are required for contemporary organizations Essay

Reflexive managers are required for contemporary organizations. Discuss using examples - Essay Example Consequently, it can be affirmed that without proper strategies, companies will not able to gain a sustainable position in the market. In this regard, it is important that companies devise their objectives and strategies parallel to one another in an effective and efficient manner further enhancing the prospect for gaining utmost level of success. However, it will also be important to mention that proper execution of the strategies is also deemed to be quite vital in order to attain the benefits for the overall business. Contextually, the role of managers or management comes into being. Managers provide the ultimate guidance to the entire business from which it can move to the positive direction and yield beneficial results for the entire business. However, executing the plans of the business needs proper support from the various resources of the corporation which primarily include the human resources as well. Proper guidance to the human resources requires appropriate and innovative style of leadership from the managers (Nieuwenhuizen, 2007). Contextually, it is believed that reflexive style of leadership is quite vital as it is effective and efficient in the domain of influencing employees towards their work. In order to get a proper understanding in in this regard, the paper will provide a thorough discussion regarding whether reflexive managers are required in the contemporary organisations with the assistance of examples. Notably, the scenario of business activities has altered by a considerable extent in recent years owing to which companies have the need to develop diverse range of strategies so that they could be able to gain utmost level of efficacy and competitiveness in their operations. However, it is important to execute the plans of the business effectively in order to ensure maximum benefits from the strategies devised by the business. Contextually, the role of human resources of the business becomes quite significant

MAE 102 Global Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MAE 102 Global Economic - Essay Example Information will be get from the following informational source http://data.worldbank.org/indicator. Question 1 First of all, we are going to consider such important economic indicator as GDP. This indicator for all the mentioned countries is provided in the table below. ... However, the gap between the degrees of GDP of both countries is quite high. The common feature between both countries is that they both suffered the global financial crisis quite well. Spain and Australia are almost similar in the terms of GDP. The last country in this group is Zimbabwe. In fact, it is an obvious fact, taking into account the recent economic problems in this country, about which we will say a few word below. Question 2 In order to evaluate the degree of social and economic development of a country it is important to evaluate not only an absolute level of GDP, but also such indicator as GDP per capita. This indicator for all the countries is provided below. Country Name Australia Brazil China Spain Zimbabwe 1998 21 364,21 4 980,99 820,86 15 126,43 522,11 1999 20 578,83 3 413,26 864,73 15 475,52 552,83 2000 21 708,04 3 696,15 949,18 14 413,79 534,79 2001 19 541,42 3 129,76 1 041,64 14 952,09 538,96 2002 20 100,99 2 812,33 1 135,45 16 611,71 503,03 2003 23 445,60 3 041 ,68 1 273,64 21 041,54 454,10 2004 30 375,83 3 609,88 1 490,38 24 468,75 460,84 2005 33 944,98 4 743,27 1 731,13 26 056,39 457,83 2006 35 986,07 5 793,40 2 069,34 28 024,75 434,48 2007 40 461,07 7 197,03 2 651,26 32 118,10 423,99 2008 49 232,97 8 628,95 3 413,59 34 977,39 354,63 2009 42 333,45 8 391,67 3 749,27 31 714,24 491,68 2010 51 628,60 10 992,94 4 433,36 29 956,16 591,29 2011 61 789,48 12 593,89 5 444,79 31 984,73 757,09 This table proposes the different picture. China now occupies the second place from the end, while Australia can be considered as the most economically developed country. In any case, the degree of well-being of its citizens is much higher than the same indicator of Chinese people. The main reason for it is of course the fact

Eminent Domain Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 30

Eminent Domain - Case Study Example The city plan did not violate the constitutional taking clause. The takings clause protects the private property from conversion by the state for public use without just compensation. The plan was engineered to boost the low economy by providing jobs to the unemployed and increase the tax receipts that would eventually see the city's economy stabilize. This step is beneficial to the public both directly and indirectly and a legitimate public use of the justly acquired land. The economic benefits, on the other hand, appear to be secondary and incidental as brought forth by the dissenting judge. The developers seem to be the primary beneficiary of the acquisition and there is no surety that unemployment will be curbed and hence have the public benefit. All in all, the entire takings clause is objected towards just compensation of the private landowners where the government acquires such land for public use. From the foregoing, the land was put into public use that is faced as economic development having compensated the owners justly. It thus follows that the takings clause was not violated.

Operations Management Essay Example for Free

Operations Management Essay Garland Company is a company known for its excellence when it comes to manufacturing product representing various combinations of reinforcement ma materials, surfacing materials, polymer components, and specific additives such as fire retardants, fibers, and fillers. The company originated in from US in 1895 and to extended distribution in Europe, Garland Company established their branch in Gloucester, England in 2001 called Garland Company U. K. , Ltd. For Garland Company, the best formula for future success is the combination of solid culture, traditional values, high integrity plus the product, strategies, service and technologies. That is why the employees of Garland understand clearly their importance in the company. The Garland’s ISO certification for research and development started in 1998 and up to now they still live up to that quality standard by producing quality products. Every aspect of Garland manufacturing is monitored through ISO 9000 certification processes, which include regular independent audits to ensure predictable, consistent adherence to world-class standards of quality. That is why the company’s products are backed-up with some of the strongest warranties in the commercial and industrial roofing and building maintenance industries.

Economic Growth In Malaysia

Economic Growth In Malaysia Abstract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) supports the national economic when it facing the lack of internal investment resources and it can cover the gap of investment resources and national investment. In this way, Foreign Direct Investment can affect the economic development and increase the speed of economic development. In this regards, among other countries, especially developing countries, that coped with the lack of internal financial resources have more interest to use Foreign Direct Investment. Since 1970 until now, the Foreign Direct Investment has been strongly growth and it outstrips from the trade growth and its causes to double exports of goods and services. In other words, the Foreign investment in the developed worlds economy is development of transnational companies for improving competitiveness, higher profit, accessing to cheaper labor market and reaching a broader consumer market. Providing sufficient capital to finance investment is as one of the important factors in economic growth. In this regards, developing countries have tried to accumulation of capital through internal resources or by foreign direct investment to complete the deal. Also, foreign direct investment has a significant role in developing process in many countries. Gross domestic product in Malaysia has the maximum growth rate comparing the other Association of Southeast Asian Nations and one of the remarkable strategies of the administration to encourage its growth is by create a center of attention to foreign direct investment. Malaysia is one of those developing countries that promote Foreign Direct Investment in order to increase speed growth and development. Foreign Direct Investment has cooperated a significant role in capital formation in Malaysia and the developing economy that has enhanced quickly. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Introduction Malaysia is one of the fastest country in growing economy in the Asia area with GNP growth of around eight plus percent per year. The Malaysian economy has shifted from agriculturally to further differentiate and also export oriented one after its independence in 1957. It is identified the Malaysian market is openly oriented with almost non existent non tariff blockade and averaging just about 50 percent and foreign exchange organize. Malaysian open trade is sustained by the two way trade approximately to 120 percent of Gross National Product (GNP). It has been demonstrated that from the established political environment, enhancing capita revenue, and the prospective for local integration all over the ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN), Malaysia is a gorgeous view for FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) (see Graph 1.1). Foreign direct investment in Malaysia is a significant catalytic parameter, enhancing exports, awareness and offers an economic tool in the direction of the Malaysia 2020 vision. Some empirical researches show that the economic growth has been established in the past 6 years at the above seven percent per year. In this regards the inflation rate has been remained below four percent, decreasing the unemployment rate, balancing the payments. Echange rate is as a significant factor in the Malaysian Foreign direct investment (FDI) in the general economy. Malaysian Bank Negara does not formally peg the Ringit (RM) to definite currencies and currency floats. In fact, Malaysian Bank Negara has been charged of depreciating the cost of the Ringit (RM) in order to encourage exports. On the other hand, Malaysias focus on Foreign direct investment, increasing exports, has provided it well and supplied to its 8 years of over 8 percent growth. Foreign Direct investment (FDI) Several definitions have been proposed for Foreign direct investment. The international monetary fund defines Foreign direct investment following: Foreign direct investment is a type of investment that to achieve sustainable benefits in the country except for the home country of investor and the investors objective is as an important role in the management of the organization (Bengoa and Blanca 2003). Foreign direct investment is considered dependable for enhanced well-being in the host country due to the benefits related to introduction of new innovations and technologies, improvement of extra abilities, enhances capital, improving work stations in host countries (Fizari, Asari et al. 2011). A study by Bengoa and Sanchez-Robles (2003), it is defined that Foreign direct investment is the most important contributor to the economic growth in the country. Foreign direct investment is considered as a significant resource of inflows in numerous countries, especially in emerging developing economies. In fact, Foreign direct investment is evidenced in the capital account of balance of payment (Chaudhary, Shah et al. 2012). Foreign direct investment or FDI is the net inflows of venture to acquire a lasting management interest in an activity operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity resources, other long term resources, short term resources and reinvestment of earning as illustrated in the balance of payments. Foreign direct investment in Malaysia is put on following the investment of at least 10 percent of the whole equity in a resident firm by a non-resident investor (Greenway 2004). Economic Growth Economic growth is the enhance in the quantity of the services and goods manufactured by an economy over time. It is calculated as the percent rate of enhance in actual GDP (gross domestic product). Foreign direct investment has been a significant resource of economic growth in Malaysia, transporting in capital investment, management and technology knowledge necessitated for economic growth (Mun, Lin et al. 2008). In developing countries such as Malaysia, Foreign direct investment has a positive effect on economic growth and it also depend on some the other key factors, like: human capital base in host countries, the degree of openness in the economy (Lean 2008). Carkovic and Levine (2002) found the positive effect of foreign direct investment in economic growth. Their finding showed that a countrys power to take benefit of Foreign direct asset externalities may be limited by local situation, like: the level of education in the country, the improvement of the local financial markets. Studies by (Durham 2004); (Hermes and Lensink 2003); (Alfaro, Chanda et al. 2004) presented support that just countries with well developed financial markets grow importantly from foreign direct investment in conditions of their growth rate. Wan (2010) argued that foreign direct investment can play a significant role in modernizing a national economy and encouraging economic growth. On the other hand, the association among the exchange rate and economic growth is a significant issue, from the both a positive such as: descriptive and normative such as: policy prescription view (Ito, Isard et al. 1999). There are some countries that include explicitly or implicitly fixed their exchange rate to the currency of the other country such as: U.S. dollar and whose inflation rate are upper than that of the foreign country (U. S.) frequently practices persistent recent account deficits and eventual depressions of their currencies (Ito, Isard et al. 1999). 1.3. The role of Foreign direct investment and economic growth Malaysia is one of the mainly open in the emerging world to foreign investment and it also distinguish the significant role that FDI can play in well placed for attracting investment in Malaysia (Kogid, Lily et al. 2010). Foreign direct investment is as a significant driver fundamental in the Malaysian powerful performance and also economic growth. There are numerous research that investigate the relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth (Kogid, Lily et al. 2010). There is an extensive view that the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth is unclear (Greenway 2004; Azman-Saini, Law et al. 2010). One possible reason for this finding is picked up from the failure of model contingency achieves in the relationship between foreign direct investment and Growth. From the traditionally studies, the exchange rate had not composed a significant factor in the analysis of economic growth (Omankhanlen 2011). Alfaro, Chanda et al. (2003) explored that countries with enhanced financial schemes can utilize foreign direct investment more efficiently and also foreign direct investment alone have an ambiguous role in causal to economic growth. Carkovic and Levine (2002) presented the positive role of foreign direct investment in generating economic growth, mainly in exacting environments. For instance, Borensztein, Gregorio et al. (1998) show that foreign direct investment has a positive growth outcome when the country has s extremely educated workforce that permits it to utilize foreign direct investment spillovers. Exchange rate and inflation rate There are various studies have seemed to the effect of exchange rate or inflation on direct investment (AHN, ADJI et al. 1998). Naturally, it identifies the negative effect of inflation by itself on direct investment. Exchange rate movements can affect foreign direct investment by affecting the current cost of gaining overseas (Froot and Stein 1991). For instance, a reduction in domestic currency value against foreign currency value of the domestic exchange rate will create it fewer expensive for foreign investor. In this regards, depreciation of the exchange rate will create inflows of foreign direct investment in that country rise (Erdal and Tatoglu 2002; Tsen 2006). There are some ways for controlling exchange rate, but it is so expensive. When the rate of interest is high, it avoids capital outflows obstruct growth of the economy and so it will hurt the countrys economy (Solnik 2000). According to Khalwaty (2000) There are some parameters that cause the exchange rate changes. Tho se parameters embrace: payments balance problems, changes in foreign exchange demand and supply, public revenue, changes the expectation, et al. Therefore, this study will explore the impact of inflation and exchange rate on foreign direct investment and economic growth. Problem statement Malaysia has a growing open economy. Malaysia had 29th level as the largest economy with GDP $357.9 billion in 2007 (Bank 2007). It is identified that foreign direct investment has been observed as a major driver underlying the strong growth performance occurrence by the Malaysian economy. Malaysia has got a substantial quantity of foreign direct investment in its industry over the past decades. Despite the significance of foreign direct investment (FDI) to the Malasia, there has been a little study the determinants of the foreign direct investment such as inflation and exchange rate. Most of the earlier researches use cross-sectional or panel data to find the determinants of foreign direct investment. This study will examine two macroeconomic parameters, explicitly exchange rate and inflation, that effect on foreign direct investment and economic growth in Malaysia over a period from 1995 to 2009. Since the economic growth is one of the key determinants accountable for advanced foreign direct investment inflow (Fedderke and Romm 2006; Kiat 2008), this study want to examine foreign direct investment and its relation to economic growth. The aim of this study is to test whether any relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth regarding its inflation and exchange rate. The relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth is not clear in Malaysia. So, there is a need to carry out extra research on this relationship. 1.6. Research questions On the basis of the above mentioned problem statement, the following research questions are suggested: RQ1: what is the effect of inflation on FDI and economic growth? RQ2: what is the effect of exchange rate on FDI and economic growth? RQ3: what is the effect of FDI on economic growth? 1.7. Research objectives The objective of this thesis is to study the effect of inflation and exchange rate on FDI and its relation to economic growth in Malaysia from 1995 to 2009. The objectives of this study are: RO1: To evaluate the effect of inflation on FDI and economic growth. RO2: To evaluate the effect of exchange rate on FDI and economic growth. RO3: To evaluate the effect of foreign direct investment on economic growth. 1.8. Theoretical framework On the basis of the above mentioned literature, a research model is developed to examine the effect of the effect of inflation and exchange rate on FDI and its relation to economic growth in Malaysia (see Figure 1.1). 1.9. Scope of study The study will focus on the influence of inflation and exchange rate on FDI in Malaysia. Malaysia is one of those developing countries that promote Foreign Direct Investment in order to increase speed growth and development. On the other hand, since, Foreign direct investment in Malaysia is a significant catalytic parameter, enhancing exports, awareness, thus it has a significant role in the economic growth of the country. And Malaysia has been encouraging FDI in its economic contribution. 1.10. Significant of study Foreign direct investment has played a significant role in the capital formation and the economic development that has enhanced rapidly. Foreign direct investment offers a significant view in the course of which organizations can keep away from high production costs at home and discover gorgeous marketplace abroad (Demekas, Horvath et al. 2005; Utami and Inanga 2009; Yol and Teng 2009). On the other hand Malaysia has been one of the majority successful Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries in being a focus for FDI. In this regards, it is important to find a relationship between inflation, exchange rate and Foreign direct investment in Malaysia.

Halfway There :: essays papers

Halfway There People. Droves of them, hustling off to their appointed gates with seventeen suitcases strapped to themselves like pack mules. All scowling, furrowing their brows. Hoping to get to where they want to go, and with all seventeen suitcases they came with. Me? I only had two bags, but one of them was large enough to be a body bag. Beside me was my cousin, a tall 16-year old, the jock type, with broad shoulders and pimple covered cheeks. He, of course, got stuck carrying my oversized bag. As we made our way past the ticket counter the automatic doors whooshed open, nearly sweeping us away in a blast of icy air. It was December in Vermont, which means one thing: cold. The kind of cold that hurt the skin, just breathing made people cough. As we zigged and zagged our way through the seething maze of bodies, we kept looking down at the flight information in my hands. â€Å"Gate B-17, I’m sure of it† I said, none too convincingly apparently, for he kept reading aloud the gates and their destinations. We reached a fairly quiet section of the airport, and all the sounds became subdued. It had the feel of a library to it: old, peaceful, and undisturbed. â€Å"Is that our gate?† I asked. He looked up at the monitor and said, â€Å"Flight 182 to Pittsburgh, I think that’s us.† We stepped up to the woman behind the counter and handed her our tickets. She looked up at us, crows’ feet at the edges of her eyes, soft blond hair, and slightly delicate hands, a very attractive middle-aged woman. She had a soft voice, meek and unassuming. â€Å"Right this way please,† she said. We followed her down the steep incline to the plane. The closer we got the louder the noise became, threatening to deafen us. I could see the pilots huddled over the glowing panels in the cockpit, pressing a button here, turning a knob there, and making me feel secure just by looking busy. We stepped into the cabin and the sound became suddenly muffled, like someone threw a wool blanket over us. As we sidestepped down the aisle, I kept glancing over my shoulder into the cockpit, maybe out of curiosity as to what all the flashing buttons did, or maybe to continually remind myself that the pilots knew what they were doing.

The Romance Novel Marriage Essay examples -- Marriage Married

The Romance Novel Marriage From the moment they saw each other they knew they were the perfect pair. They knew instantly that the other was their soul mate. It was love at first sight. This knowledge is followed by amazing sex. Then the ecstatic couple gets married and lives "Happily Ever After." I'm talking about the modern day adult fairy tale, also known as the romance novel. I've been reading these novels since I was in the seventh grade. My first one was titled Bitter Sweet, written by Laverle Spencer, and was found in my mom's closet. From there I graduated to the more sordid novels with half-naked people on the covers. My adolescent mind was absolutely fascinated and I could not wait until I found my guy and could experience those feelings first-hand. Fifteen years later, I'm happy to say that I realize the utter ridiculousness of hoping for a romance novel relationship. I'm glad I realized fairly early in my life that reality is never anything like the words on those pages. What many people fail to gra sp is that they are just entertainment. The modern marriage is given up on too easily; dashed to bits by its disgruntled participants with only a couple of swipes of their pens. Marriage should not be promoted as a fairy tale or romance novel, or as a place for the typical family to reside. Marriage should be promoted as hard and grueling work, but at the end of day after all the sweat and toil you have a partner for better or worse to share your world with. There is no "typical marriage." You should marry exactly who you want to, but when it starts getting messy, frustrating, and generally annoying, as marriage will, stick with it. Here, I will enter a short disclaimer: I do not believe anyone should stay in a marriage... ...equences and the effect it will have. Love is different for everyone, but what is the same in every successful relationship is the time and work put into it by the couple. My advice to everyone is to put down the romance novel images that you carry in your head about what love should be like. Fairy tales and books are nothing more than...well, fairy tales and books. Works Cited Shulman, Polly. "Great Expectations." From Psychology Today, March/April 2004. Rpt. in Elements of Argument: A Text and Reader. Annette T. Rottenberg and Donna Haisty Winchell. 8th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2006. 569-575. Pollack, William, and Todd Shuster. "The Sting of Divorce." From Real Boy's Voices by William Pollack. 2000. Rpt. in Elements of Argument: A Text and Reader. Annette T. Rottenberg and Donna Haisty Winchell. 8th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2006. 567-568.

Analysis of Women Hold Up Two-Thirds of the Sky :: Women Hold Sky Papers

Analysis of Women Hold Up Two-Thirds of the Sky The essay " Women Hold Up Two-Thirds of the Sky - Notes for a Revised History of Technology " was written by Autumn Stanley in 1983. She begins with a few quotes, which are extremes in sexist views on history and technology. She then states the purpose of her article. The purpose is to imagine what this revised history would look like. She makes the claim that the " very definition of technology would change , from what men do to what people do." By doing this, she makes the broad assumption that the majority of people define technology as what men "do". In no way does she back up this definition; you'd be hard-pressed to find it in a dictionary. While I understand that the author has the right to define certain terms for the purposes of her article, she should base these in reality, using outside sources. This broad assumption is problematic from the very beginning, meaning that there are problems throughout the article whenever this assumption is implied. She does this several times throughout the article, stating her own definition, and assuming that the reader shares it, or doesn't want to think about it enough to disagree, as they are often extremist or full of holes. She states that the definition of significant technology would also change. Once again, there is the problem of her broad brush strokes in saying what the accepted definition of technology is. Although she never explicitly says these definitions are accepted, in the context of a sociological critique, it is implied. Apparently, significant technology of today focuses on war and machinery, while it should focus on medicine, advances in food science, child care, and environmentally-friendly technologies. When the author says this, she is ignoring massive amounts of technology. While in 1983 computer technology was not nearly what it was today, the fact that she completely leaves it out because it doesn't help with child-rearing left a bad taste in my mouth. In addition to that, these days it most certainly does help with all the things she listed. She only skims the surface of the technologies; how can one talk about food preservatives without talking about war (MREs - Me als Ready to Eat) or industry (canning and processing, for example. Analysis of Women Hold Up Two-Thirds of the Sky :: Women Hold Sky Papers Analysis of Women Hold Up Two-Thirds of the Sky The essay " Women Hold Up Two-Thirds of the Sky - Notes for a Revised History of Technology " was written by Autumn Stanley in 1983. She begins with a few quotes, which are extremes in sexist views on history and technology. She then states the purpose of her article. The purpose is to imagine what this revised history would look like. She makes the claim that the " very definition of technology would change , from what men do to what people do." By doing this, she makes the broad assumption that the majority of people define technology as what men "do". In no way does she back up this definition; you'd be hard-pressed to find it in a dictionary. While I understand that the author has the right to define certain terms for the purposes of her article, she should base these in reality, using outside sources. This broad assumption is problematic from the very beginning, meaning that there are problems throughout the article whenever this assumption is implied. She does this several times throughout the article, stating her own definition, and assuming that the reader shares it, or doesn't want to think about it enough to disagree, as they are often extremist or full of holes. She states that the definition of significant technology would also change. Once again, there is the problem of her broad brush strokes in saying what the accepted definition of technology is. Although she never explicitly says these definitions are accepted, in the context of a sociological critique, it is implied. Apparently, significant technology of today focuses on war and machinery, while it should focus on medicine, advances in food science, child care, and environmentally-friendly technologies. When the author says this, she is ignoring massive amounts of technology. While in 1983 computer technology was not nearly what it was today, the fact that she completely leaves it out because it doesn't help with child-rearing left a bad taste in my mouth. In addition to that, these days it most certainly does help with all the things she listed. She only skims the surface of the technologies; how can one talk about food preservatives without talking about war (MREs - Me als Ready to Eat) or industry (canning and processing, for example.

Leadership Challenge: Selecting Team Members

When we think leader, we think of the person in charge, the person who is making all the decisions within an organization. We believe that a leader should be charismatic, smart and able to influences others to do what they want and be successful at their role. Nahavandi (2006) defines a leader as a person who influences individuals and groups within an organization, helps them in establishing goals and guides them towards achievement of those goals, which allows them to be effective. In order to be a good leader you will need to be effective in your role. Effective leaders are proven when their supporters achieve their goals, can work together as a team and can adjust to the many changes within the company and the changing demands from exterior forces. Is there a difference between a manager and a leader? Most people would say that a good manager can be a good leader. The functions of a manager are similar to that of a leader; the functions of a manager are to bring order and regularity to the company by planning, budgeting, organizing, staffing directing and controlling. Throughout this report we will show the differences between leading and managing. Should the company move towards a team based, empowered organization and why. We will provide ways in which to deal with resistance to the new changes within the company. Leading vs. Managing Leading and managing is said to be different in the way they organize people. A manager’s role is to capitalize on the output of the company through managerial operation by organization, planning, staffing, directing and controlling. These functions allow the manager to focus on the resources in addition to people while leading focuses on influencing people. Both are needed in order for a company to be successful and effective. They are often considered to be the same thing, the main distinction between leading and managing is that we manage things and lead people. Pascale (1990) states that a managers do things right, while leaders do the right thing. You will need to lead the managers into the need of a team-based environment which will allow them to manage the lowest level employee to achieve their goals. The effectiveness of teamwork in a transfer to a team-based organization, consistency improvement practices by showing them learning by leading as an example, mentoring and guided delegation are important to improve the social effectiveness of the team as a whole. Team-based, empowered organization Moving to a team based environment in order to increase customer satisfaction can be considered to be a good thing for the company on a whole. Allowing the lower level employees the ability to make decisions that are within the best interest of the customer and that will benefit the company. They will get a sense of pride in their work because they are more involved in the development and decision making process of the company. There are many companies today who operate under a team-based environment, like 3M, General Electric and Deere & Co. They are known for their good management practice. While other companies were moving toward a more technology environment Deere realized to having a world class company was in the organizing its people. Deere brought their product and manufacturing engineering team together to create the yellow backhoe loader-digger. By doing so Deere the teams shift from tentative synchronized engineering to organized united engineering. Both teams were involved from the design phase to the production phase. In 1988 for the first time Deere had everyone from all the department involve in the production of their new machine, tool design, welding, product and manufacturing engineering, purchasing, the shop floor, and the accounting department. Moving your company to a team-based environment will benefit everyone involve from the lowest level employee to the managers and executive.

Blood Lab

Blood Lab Report Introduction A blood experiment was performed testing four different patients blood to find out their specific blood types. Blood types are categorized in four blood groups based upon the antigen ( proteins on the surface of blood cells that can cause a response from the immune system) (â€Å"Rh factor† 2006) on the surface of the red blood cell. The blood groups are A, B, AB and O, names which are broken down from the ABO blood group system. Although simulated blood was used for the experiment a standard blood typing outcome was still obtained. After conducting the experiment I was able to identify each patients blood type by comparing the antigens and antibodies found within the blood. Materials and Methods Simulated blood, plastic slides, and antiserum were the materials used to perform this experiment. In order to specify each patients blood type it was necessary to place two drops of the simulated blood in each well on the plastic slide labeled A, B, and Rh. After dropping the blood into the specified wells the appropriate antiserum was added to determine the blood type. The three antiserums A, B and Rh were placed accordingly to the matching blood type on the slide, a toothpick was used to mixed the the two together, if agglutination occurred a positive result was indicated. If all three wells on the slide were without agglutination the blood type of the specific individual was identified as O. By concluding which antigens are present in the blood I was also able to figure out which antibodies are present. The antibodies in the blood attack the foreign red blood cells by binding to them. For example type A blood has A antigens and B antibodies, the B antibodies are ready to attack or destroy B antigens (since those antigens would be foreign in this particular persons red blood cells). (â€Å"Blood typing,† 2001) Results The results of the experiment yielded four different blood types. Mr. Green’s blood type is AB+, Ms. Brown is O-, Mr. Smith is A+ and Mr. Jones has a B- blood type. The chart below depicts exactly how I came to these results†¦.. Individual Antigens Antibodies Donate Receive Outcome present present to: from: blood type: 1. Mr. Green A, B, Rh None AB+ universal AB+ . Ms. Brown None A, B, Rh universal O- O- 3. Mr. Smith A, Rh B A+, AB+ O+,O-,A+,A- A+ 4. Mr. Jones B A, Rh B+,B-,AB+,AB- O-,B- B- Discussion The first individual Mr. Green had antigens A, B and Rh present but no antibodies present thus concluding Mr. Green had AB+ type blood. AB+ blood can only be donated to those with the same blood type but can be recipient of any blood t ype (universal recipient). The second individual tested was Ms. Brown, her tests results indicated she had no antigens present on her blood which means she has antibodies A, B, and Rh in her blood. Ms. Brown’s blood type is O- making her a universal donor but can only be a recipient of O- blood during a transfusion. The third individual Mr. Smith had the presence of antigens A and Rh and antibodies B within his blood. Mr. Smith’s blood type is A+. People with A+ blood can only be a donor to people with A+ and AB+ blood, but can receive from blood types O+, O-, A+ and A-. The fourth and last individual tested was Mr. Jones his tests concluded he has B- type blood. Those results came from finding B antigens present as well antibodies A and Rh within his blood. Mr. Jones can donate blood to people with B+, B-, AB+ and AB- blood. He is however only to receive blood from people with O- and B- blood types. Although none of the individuals tested had an O+ blood type it is considered to be the most common blood type. ( American Red Cross) The testing was done very carefully and strategically but does not mean that the results could not yield from a possible error. Errors could have occurred from mixing to much antiserum with the respected blood types giving a false outcome. An error could also happen from not mixing serums well enough to get agglutination leading to the conclusion that the antigen was not present in the blood. According to all the data obtained I feel each individuals’ blood type was identified properly and carefully utilizing all materials and methods required. Answers from questions in lab book: Based on what has been observed I think the antiserum contain antibodies against specific antigens located within the simulated blood. The blood type considered to be the universal donor is O- and the universal recipient is AB+. I believe that not all people with Rh negative blood have the antibodies for Rh positive blood but, I do think that your body is able to produce them when needed. A perfect example is an Rh negative woman who becomes pregnant with an Rh positive baby. A woman body may produce antibodies in response to the Rh positive baby. â€Å"If a small amount of the baby's blood mixes with your blood, which often happens, your body may respond as if it were allergic to the baby. Your body may make antibodies to the Rh antigens in the baby's blood. This means you have become sensitized and your antibodies can cross the placenta and attack your baby's blood. They break down the fetus's red blood cells and produce anemia (the blood has a low number of red blood cells). This condition is called hemolytic disease or hemolytic anemia. It can become severe enough to cause serious illness, brain damage, or even death in the fetus or newborn. † (â€Å"Rh Factor† 2006). The game online helped to demonstrate, even more, how important it is to be precise when figuring out someone blood type. Giving the wrong blood type to a patient during a transfusion or even surgery could lead to their death. Works Cited.. American Red Cross, . Blood types. Retrieved from HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www. givelife2. org/aboutblood/bloodtypes. asp† http://www. ivelife2. org/ aboutblood/bloodtypes. asp (2001, December 3). Blood typing. Retrieved from HYPERLINK â€Å"http:/nobelprize. org/educational_games/medicine/landsteiner/readmore. html† http://nobelprize. org/ educational_games/medicine/landsteiner/readmore. html (2006, April). Rh factor: . Retrieved from HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www. americanpregnancy. org/pregnancycomplications/rhfactor. html† http: www. americanpregnancy. org/ pregnancycomplications/rhfactor. html VanPutte, Regan, Russo, . (2009). Seeley's essential of anatomy & physiology. New York, Ny: McGraw-Hill. Blood Lab Blood Lab Report Introduction A blood experiment was performed testing four different patients blood to find out their specific blood types. Blood types are categorized in four blood groups based upon the antigen ( proteins on the surface of blood cells that can cause a response from the immune system) (â€Å"Rh factor† 2006) on the surface of the red blood cell. The blood groups are A, B, AB and O, names which are broken down from the ABO blood group system. Although simulated blood was used for the experiment a standard blood typing outcome was still obtained. After conducting the experiment I was able to identify each patients blood type by comparing the antigens and antibodies found within the blood. Materials and Methods Simulated blood, plastic slides, and antiserum were the materials used to perform this experiment. In order to specify each patients blood type it was necessary to place two drops of the simulated blood in each well on the plastic slide labeled A, B, and Rh. After dropping the blood into the specified wells the appropriate antiserum was added to determine the blood type. The three antiserums A, B and Rh were placed accordingly to the matching blood type on the slide, a toothpick was used to mixed the the two together, if agglutination occurred a positive result was indicated. If all three wells on the slide were without agglutination the blood type of the specific individual was identified as O. By concluding which antigens are present in the blood I was also able to figure out which antibodies are present. The antibodies in the blood attack the foreign red blood cells by binding to them. For example type A blood has A antigens and B antibodies, the B antibodies are ready to attack or destroy B antigens (since those antigens would be foreign in this particular persons red blood cells). (â€Å"Blood typing,† 2001) Results The results of the experiment yielded four different blood types. Mr. Green’s blood type is AB+, Ms. Brown is O-, Mr. Smith is A+ and Mr. Jones has a B- blood type. The chart below depicts exactly how I came to these results†¦.. Individual Antigens Antibodies Donate Receive Outcome present present to: from: blood type: 1. Mr. Green A, B, Rh None AB+ universal AB+ . Ms. Brown None A, B, Rh universal O- O- 3. Mr. Smith A, Rh B A+, AB+ O+,O-,A+,A- A+ 4. Mr. Jones B A, Rh B+,B-,AB+,AB- O-,B- B- Discussion The first individual Mr. Green had antigens A, B and Rh present but no antibodies present thus concluding Mr. Green had AB+ type blood. AB+ blood can only be donated to those with the same blood type but can be recipient of any blood t ype (universal recipient). The second individual tested was Ms. Brown, her tests results indicated she had no antigens present on her blood which means she has antibodies A, B, and Rh in her blood. Ms. Brown’s blood type is O- making her a universal donor but can only be a recipient of O- blood during a transfusion. The third individual Mr. Smith had the presence of antigens A and Rh and antibodies B within his blood. Mr. Smith’s blood type is A+. People with A+ blood can only be a donor to people with A+ and AB+ blood, but can receive from blood types O+, O-, A+ and A-. The fourth and last individual tested was Mr. Jones his tests concluded he has B- type blood. Those results came from finding B antigens present as well antibodies A and Rh within his blood. Mr. Jones can donate blood to people with B+, B-, AB+ and AB- blood. He is however only to receive blood from people with O- and B- blood types. Although none of the individuals tested had an O+ blood type it is considered to be the most common blood type. ( American Red Cross) The testing was done very carefully and strategically but does not mean that the results could not yield from a possible error. Errors could have occurred from mixing to much antiserum with the respected blood types giving a false outcome. An error could also happen from not mixing serums well enough to get agglutination leading to the conclusion that the antigen was not present in the blood. According to all the data obtained I feel each individuals’ blood type was identified properly and carefully utilizing all materials and methods required. Answers from questions in lab book: Based on what has been observed I think the antiserum contain antibodies against specific antigens located within the simulated blood. The blood type considered to be the universal donor is O- and the universal recipient is AB+. I believe that not all people with Rh negative blood have the antibodies for Rh positive blood but, I do think that your body is able to produce them when needed. A perfect example is an Rh negative woman who becomes pregnant with an Rh positive baby. A woman body may produce antibodies in response to the Rh positive baby. â€Å"If a small amount of the baby's blood mixes with your blood, which often happens, your body may respond as if it were allergic to the baby. Your body may make antibodies to the Rh antigens in the baby's blood. This means you have become sensitized and your antibodies can cross the placenta and attack your baby's blood. They break down the fetus's red blood cells and produce anemia (the blood has a low number of red blood cells). This condition is called hemolytic disease or hemolytic anemia. It can become severe enough to cause serious illness, brain damage, or even death in the fetus or newborn. † (â€Å"Rh Factor† 2006). The game online helped to demonstrate, even more, how important it is to be precise when figuring out someone blood type. Giving the wrong blood type to a patient during a transfusion or even surgery could lead to their death. Works Cited.. American Red Cross, . Blood types. Retrieved from HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www. givelife2. org/aboutblood/bloodtypes. asp† http://www. ivelife2. org/ aboutblood/bloodtypes. asp (2001, December 3). Blood typing. Retrieved from HYPERLINK â€Å"http:/nobelprize. org/educational_games/medicine/landsteiner/readmore. html† http://nobelprize. org/ educational_games/medicine/landsteiner/readmore. html (2006, April). Rh factor: . Retrieved from HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www. americanpregnancy. org/pregnancycomplications/rhfactor. html† http: www. americanpregnancy. org/ pregnancycomplications/rhfactor. html VanPutte, Regan, Russo, . (2009). Seeley's essential of anatomy & physiology. New York, Ny: McGraw-Hill.

The Relationship Between Structure Mentoring Programs

The issue of new graduate nurse retention remains a challenge in many healthcare facilities. More than 50% of new graduate nurses leave their first employment in less than a year (North, Johnson, Knotts & Whelan 2006). Because new recruits are often faced with a variety of stressors in their beginning practice it is clear that a structured mentoring program could be of immense value. Such a program would provide technical and emotional support to nurses and so ease their transition into the unit culture. This article provides a critical review of the literature on mentoring, especially the impact that structured mentoring programs have on the retention rates of new graduate nurses. In the first section I will explore the nature of mentorship within the nursing discipline. I will discuss the functions of a formal mentoring program and the chief characteristics of the mentor: mentee relationship. In the second section I will provide a critical review of the literature concerning the relationship between mentoring programs and increased nurse retention rates. The third section explores common pitfalls that subsume in a dysfunctional mentoring program. Finally recommendations to organisations are proposed based on the review findings. Introduction Graduating from a nursing school is a considerable achievement. New graduates eagerly anticipate their first position in the ‘real world’. The issue however of new graduate nurse retention continues to be a grave concern in many healthcare facilities. It was reported that more than 50% of new graduate nurses leave their first employment in less than a year (North, Johnson, Knotts & Whelan 2006). New recruits are often faced with a variety of stressors associated with beginning practice. It is clear therefore, that a structured mentoring program which provides technical and emotional support to new nurses may be one of the best retention strategies for nurse administrators. This article provides a critical review of the literature on mentoring, with an emphasis on the impact that structured mentoring programs have on nursing retention rates. The first section sets up mentoring concepts and processes as identified in the literature. The second section will provide a critical eview of the literature on the relationship between structured mentoring programs and the nursing retention rate. The third section explores common pitfalls that subsume in a dysfunctional mentoring program. The final section makes recommendations to organisations regarding a successful mentoring program. Significance New nurse graduates have many employment options. They can choose not to work in settings where they are not supported and often they take that option. Common themes emerging from the literature show that many new nurses lack both confidence and a sense of competence (Oermann & Garvin 2002). They are afraid of making mistakes; they complain of an unsupportive environment; and of being obliged to work with ‘difficult’ colleagues (Oermann & Garvin 2002). A lack of recognition of their work as well as difficult shift-work schedules have also been identified as sources of distress (McVicar 2003). It is a sad fact that one out of every three nurses under 30 years plans to leave during his or her first year of employment (Nelson, Godfrey & Purdy 2004). The cost of such high levels of unnecessary nurse turnover is significant (Halfer, Graf & Sullivan 2008). More significantly the resulting deficit of nursing personnel inevitably affects the quality of patient care in hospitals and can compromise patient safety (Leners, Wilson, Connor & Fenton 2006). In response to the critical issue of nursing retention, hospital managements have been urged to address the issue by developing a more congenial work environment. However, it is noticeable that mentoring initiatives are still not integrated into many healthcare organisations, despite a plethora of literature relating this with positive outcomes. Literature search Relevant studies were identified by searching the following electronic databases: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Ovid and ProQuest. The keywords or their combinations have been utilised in the searching process. These include: mentorship, preceptorship, new graduate nurses, personnel retention, and personnel recruitment. Other literature was identified through searching the bibliographies of studies found through electronic searches, including the World Wide Web, Google Scholar and library data systems. Inclusion criteria included discussion/ opinion papers and articles/materials written in English. There were no particular discipline restrictions and there were also no specific date restrictions. Articles that were published after 1999 were sought. The retrieved articles were reviewed and selected based on these criteria: the relationship between formal mentoring programs and personnel retention; benefits of mentoring; new graduate transition; and possible pitfalls of mentoring. Literature review What is mentoring? There is a substantial body of literature which deals with mentoring and preceptoring as discrete functions (Block, Claffey, Korow & McCaffrey 2005; Kelly 1994). To date however, the two terms continue to be used interchangeably or synonymously (Block et al. 2005). It is useful to draw some distinctions between them. Preceptorship is understood as an organised orientation program in which the nurse preceptor facilitates the integration of new staff into role responsibilities in the clinical setting for a limited period of time (Greene & Puetzer 2002). This relationship is often viewed as one-sided and patriarchal (Leners et al. 006). In contrast, mentorship is a reciprocal relationship established between two nurses â€Å"on the basis of respect and compatible personality with the common goal of guiding the nurse toward personal and professional growth† (Block et al. 2005:134). The relationship often occurs over a much longer period, depending on whether the agreed-upon goals have been achieved (Andrews & Wallis 1999). Stated simply, the features of mentorship as distinct from other supporting roles in clinical settings include a strong repertoire of helper functions, reciprocal sharing and a relatively longer duration (Morton-Cooper & Palmer 2000). Characteristics of the relationship Mentorship primarily involves a mentor and a mentee in a one-to-one relationship (Latham, Hogan & Ringl 2008). This relationship is characterised by a process of enabling, cultivating, and empowering a less experienced practitioner within the work environment (Morton-Cooper & Palmer 2000). In this longitudinal relationship, both mentors and mentees assume their own responsibilities and obligations in achieving either organisational or personal goals (Latham et al. 2008). In this relationship, a mentor is recognised as a wiser and more experienced practitioner, who possesses certain ‘personal’ and ‘professional’ attributes such as good interpersonal skills, self-confidence, flexibility, knowledge, and an interest in professional growth (Kane-Urrabazo 2006:193; Andrews & Wallis 1999:204; Morton-Cooper & Palmer 2000). Personal attributes that have been identified as important factors to success also include good listening skills, the ability to facilitate learning and being comfortable in giving feedback (Sherrod, Roberts & Little 2008; Woodrow 1994). The literature refers to the nurse being mentored as a ‘mentee’, ‘protege’, ‘learner’, or ‘mentoree’ (Zucker, Coss, Williams, Bloodworth, Lynn, Denker & Gibbs 2006; Hunter 2002). Referred to here simply as â€Å"the mentee† she or he can be any nurse at a distinctive stage of his/her profession (Leners et al. 2006). The characteristics of a mentee that allow a functional mentorship to flourish include honesty; the capacity to take responsibility; being ready and available for feedback; following through on decisions, having a strong self-identity and a willingness to learn (Wagner & Seymour 2007; Sherrod et al. 008). Structured mentoring program Various structures of formal mentoring programs are available across institutions (Latham et al. 2008). Broadly speaking, the structure of a mentoring program contains several stages of strategic planning (Latham et al. 2008). Initially the focus is on: establishing objectives and measurable outcomes, role delineation for mentors and mentees, establishment of criteria for involvement in mentorship and the construction of a supportive system and a surveillance system of the mentor-mentee team (Latham et al. 2008). Those parties who are involved in this formal relationship are required to fulfil pre-determined aims, objectives and outcomes as identified by their respective supporting organisations (McCloughen, O'Brien & Jackson 2006). The second stage in which the program is implemented involves the selection of suitable mentors, the recruitment of mentees, (on both a voluntary or involuntary basis) and mentor preparation (Latham et al. 2008). Final stages include an evaluation through reflection and feedback by mentors and mentees, to determine whether specific objectives and measurable outcomes have been achieved (Latham et al. 008). The program duration may last one year or even longer (Morton-Cooper & Palmer 2000). Structured mentoring programs and retention success In this session, several issues regarding structured mentoring program and retention success will be addressed. First, we must ask what mentoring functions are important to retention success? Second: to what extent or in what way does mentoring contribute to the retention of new graduate nurses? Each of these questions is considered in the following section. Benefits of mentoring programs Mentoring has been shown to provide a beneficial effect on a proteges’ job satisfaction levels and willingness to remain in an organisation (Fleig-Palmer 2009). One aspect of the mentoring relationship is the passing of knowledge from a more experienced staff (mentor) to a less experienced staff (protege) (Heartfield, Gibson, Chesterman & Tagg 2005). Research suggests that by the absorption via socialisation of specific skills to proteges is positively related to personal learning in the workplace (Sherrod et al. 2008). This component is akin to preceptorship which also includes skill-development (Sherrod et al. 2008) and is widely accepted as a crucial orientation to new graduate nurses. Literature has linked preceptorship to a high level of satisfaction together with successful retention (Almada, Carafoli, Flattery, French & McNamara 2004; Lee, Tzeng, Lin and Yeh 2009). Anecdotal evidence shows that new graduates after completing the preceptorship program tend to seek more support, a fact which in itself would imply a strong need for good mentoring programs. A second aspect of the mentoring relationship is the psycho-social support the mentor may provide to a mentee: support which enhances his or her sense of competence and confidence (Heartfield et al. 2005). Recent findings from a longitudinal study suggest that mentoring fosters organisational retention rates through the establishment of emotional connections between mentor and mentee, by contributing to higher level of commitment to the organisation (Beecroft, Dorey & Wenten 2007). A substantial body of literature also supports the notion that mentorship initiatives can help new recruits transiting into the unit culture (Leners et al. 006). Positive environments can be created through frequent interaction, communication and relational caring between different generations of co-workers (Latham et al. 2008). Such interactions can help new nurses transcend the generations, norms and values differences in a unit (Latham et al. 2008). It also can aid a new recruit in getting in touch with overt or covert culture within the practice environment (Morrow 2008). Ultimately, better patient outcomes can be achieved, which in turn can increase nurses’ satisfaction (Leners et al. 2006). Many studies show that individuals who were mentored report higher levels of job satisfaction (Halfer et al. 2008; Krugman, Bretschneider, Horn, Krsek, Moutafis & Smith 2006; Faron & Poeltler 2007). An abundance of research studies indicates that organisations who implement mentoring programs show a consistent decrease in turn-over rate of new nurses (Hurst & Koplin-Baucum 2003; Greene & Puetzer 2002; Halfer & Graf 2006; Halfer et al. 2008; Zucker et al. 2006; Persaud 2008). Similar results are also evident in other disciplines such as Medicine, Pharmacy and Academia (Cohn, Bethancourt & Simington 2009; Sambunjak, Straus & Marusic 2006). One report in particular highlights the benefits of mentoring. A study from the southern United States by Zucker and co-workers (2006) was done to determine the impact of an 18-month mentoring program on nurse retention in five hospitals. Prior to commencement of the program, participants completed a personality profile, to ensure successful pairing (Zucker et al. 2006). This program included topics such as communication and conflict resolution skills, co-operative learning and time-management (Zuker et al. 006)– all subjects which are normally not covered in conventional orientation programs. At the end of the program, both parties reported that the mentoring relationship increased their knowledge and helped them become ‘better people’ and ‘better colleagues’ (Zucker et al. 2006). Higher levels of protege satisfaction were directly translated into increased retention. In this case, the increase was 16% (Zucker et al. 2006). Given that the high turnover rate of new recruits, mentoring program yield a significance of cost-saving to healthcare system. Research methodology/measurement issues Admittedly, strict evidence for an improved retention rate is hampered by the small sample size of these programs (Hamilton, Murray, Lindholm & Myers 1989; Faron & Poelter 2007). Atkin and William (1995) argue that findings which result from such small purposive studies cannot be generalised. Despite numerous studies therefore which show that retention rates increase with the application of a mentorship program (Block et al. 2005), it is still difficult to draw a firm conclusion on the direct causal relationship between mentoring programs and the attained retention level. This is due to the limited amount of information provided with respect to evaluation tools, sample size, mentor styles as well as the lack of a comparison group in the available studies (Gagliardi, Perrier, Webster, Leslie, Bell, Levinson, Rotstein, Tourangeau, Morrison, Silver & Straus 2009; Greene & Puetzer 2002; Hurst & Koplin-Baucum 2003). In addition, the outcomes of these studies may be affected by: differences that exist in a mentor-mentee relationship; the program’s aim and function; and the frequency of interaction between mentor and mentee (Jacobi 1991; Beecroft et al. 2007). Lack of strong quantitative data may prevent the establishment of a positive colleration between mentoring programs and retention rates. Furthermore it can be argued that retention strategies such as mentorship (which are deemed appropriate in one hospital) may not work in another (Jacobi 1991). Atkin and William (1995) point out that the findings might only show that mentors and mentees’ experience during mentorship was relatively new to them. In spite of all critiques, no one however has doubted the overall value that mentoring programs have for mentees, mentors as well as for organisations (Block et al. 2005). The existing mentoring studies on nursing which are linked to retention rates include cross-sectional and longitudinal components (Halfer et al. 2008). In contrast, empirical studies with correlational design, contain data which are only collected for a single point of the study and are subject to a limited amount of participants (Caine 1989; Fagan & Fagan 1982). Quasi-experimental design is therefore recommended (Jacobi 1991). In such studies data is collected from a group of participants who receive mentoring programs together with another non-receiving group, at multiple points throughout the study (Jacobi 1991). Until today, it is not known how long the mentorship effect takes to emerge, in this instance, nor how long it will last (Jacobi 1991). Pure experimental research has value in determining the relationship between mentoring and retention of new graduates (Jacobi 1991) but not many current studies can afford to adopt such a strict approach to measuring the cause and effect of mentoring programs and retention rates. Pitfalls of a structured mentoring program Despite numerous of benefits gained from a mentoring relationship, the desired outcome such as retention not always achieved. Several types of problems that might occur in mentoring include:- Selection of mentors A number of authors note that inequity in the selection of mentors can be problematic to the success of a mentoring program (Greene & Puetzer 2002; Andrews & Wallis 1999). Andrews and Wallis (1999:206) state that ‘some of the nurses are not mentors by choice’, as they dare not reject their selection by the nursing manager. The mentor selection criteria have not been made clear and explicit (Andrews & Wallis 1999). Sometimes, an experienced staff nurse does not have the attributes to become a good mentor (Greene & Puetzer 2002). Indeed, selection of the mentor should be subject not to seniority but to the mentor’s â€Å"availability, interpersonal skills, clinical knowledge, and teaching experience† (Greene & Puetzer 2002:69). An optional basis may also be used (Atkin & William 1995). An inadequate mentor who lacks strong values, or good personal and professional attributes and who exhibits unwarranted behaviours can be a liability (Kane-Urrabazo 2006). Such behaviours can include negative feedback or a lack of respect towards the mentee and can result in decreased self-esteem in the new recruit (Kane-Urrabazo 2006; Woodrow 1994). These behaviours are also known as ‘joy stealing’ (Heinrich 2007, cited in Driscoll 2009:8). The consequence of this will be frustration for either or both mentor and mentee (Kane-Urrabazo 2006). Poor mentoring can drive the newly employed staff away (Kane-Urrabazo 2006; Woodrow 1994). It is therefore imperative that a formalised selection criteria for mentors should be identified. Compatibility Many proteges complain of being enmeshed in a dysfunctional relationship with their mentor (Feldman 1999). This is likely to occur if there is ‘forced matching’ when a less experienced nurse is assigned to be with a mentor pre-selected from experienced staff nurses (Morton-Cooper & Palmer 2000:46). Given the closed relationship between mentor and mentee, there is a risk of this relationship becoming destructive (Woodrow 1994). Empirical studies have identified this issue (Fenske 1986). Common themes that emerge are: failure of the mentor or mentee to maintain confidentiality of private information, mentee abuse of the relationship in which the mentor’s resources are exploited for personal advantage, mentor abuse of the enthusiasm and goodwill of the mentee by making use of his/her as a personal helper or assistant (Hunter 2002). Eventually varying degrees of injurious consequences to mentor, mentee and organisation can develop if not properly monitored (Feldman 1999). The literature has identified that mentees would have better opportunities for growth if mentees were able to select the mentors (Woodrow 1994). Opposition to this suggests that matching is not as important as meeting regularly for a successful mentoring relationship (Beecroft, Santner, Lacy, Kunzman & Dorey 2006). Training for mentors Undoubtedly, a mentor is the key person in the success of a mentoring relationship. However, several studies have shown that most mentors feel deficient in their role as mentor because their training consisted of learning â€Å"on the job†, and by â€Å"watching how other people do it† (Andrews & Wallis 1999:205-206). There are some institutions providing formal mentor training to guide the mentor along (Hurst & Koplin-Baucum 2003). An evaluation study done by Jinks and Williams in 1994 (cited in Andrews & Wallis 1999:205) found those who undertake a formal course with exams felt significantly more able to undertake the role. A formal mentoring course commonly would examine the phases in mentorship, recognising different adult learning styles and personality traits, provide techniques in dealing with conflict and effectively help to manage the relationship with the mentee (Hurst & Koplin-Baucum 2003; Block et al. 00. In spite of these improvements, the majority of the course content was still perceived as inadequate by mentors’ (Andrews & Wallis 1999). Additionally, those who had left school for a significant period of time, might feel the lack of a theoretical background leading to doubts as to whether they possess sufficient preparation to be a mentor (Andrews & Wallis 1999). Woodrow (1994:813) argues that the ideal of mentorship might be undermined by ‘token mentorship’, in which mentors are unable to perform true mentor functions. Recommendation It is important for hospital managers who prepare and support nurses as mentors to develop a greater understanding of mentoring from the mentor’s perspective (Atkin & Williams 1995). Andrews and Wallis (1999:206) argue that mentors’ gain invaluable skills and satisfaction from their work but this often tends to be â€Å"intrinsic† and is internalised. Several authors believe that administrative support through financial compensation, staffing and schedule flexibility, title and leadership recognition can act as motivators for experienced staff (Greene & Puetzer 2002). Such measures would make mentors more likely to commit and sustain in this longitudinal relationship (Greene & Puetzer 2002). In addition, on-going mentor support through a mentor-support group may be helpful in maintaining the momentum (Latham et al. 2008). Latham et al. (2008) had further examined a university-hospital partnership mentoring program. The program included a component of mentor support as part of the program follow-up. It offered an opportunity for mentors to vent about the difficulties they were facing, and share the successful experiences in the mentorship. A mentor support group can clearly help management to monitor the mentorship progress and develop a strategy to tackle emerging problems (Latham et al. 2008). Conclusion It is important that healthcare organisations not continue to take the nurse retention issue lightly. The provision of an effective mentoring program structure is the appropriate response. This is essential in helping clinical entry nurses make a smooth transition into the working environment and at the same time benefit experienced nurses to achieve a higher level of professional development. Such a program can also help the organisation transcend a multitude of problems by creating a positive environment where every staff member may enjoy working. In order for an effective mentoring program to be carried out, organisations must: allocate sufficiently experienced staff to act as mentors; provide flexible staffing and scheduling; give quality training to mentors; and support the mentors through various means by title recognition, wage adjustment and support groups. In turn the program can help organisations increase retention and reduce turn-over for nurses, particularly new graduate staff. It can thus achieve better patient outcomes and increase nurse’s job satisfaction. By providing a structured mentoring program for new nurses’ career development and advancement, we can help to improve the longevity of active nursing careers and also help to alleviate the problem of current nurses’ retention.

My finger

Almost lost a finger When I was about 12 years old I loved to ride my Hard BMW bike around my neighborhood a lot with my friend nick. Nick and I used to fix our own bikes and learn how to do it all ourselves. We would work on our bikes all day every day and take them apart and put them back together, we got so good at riding and fixing our bikes we fixed are bikes anywhere at any time or at least I thought so. One day during the summer of freshman year nick and I went for a ride to the park down the street from y house to play soccer.After we played soccer at the park for a while we decided to go to nicks house to play video games and get something to drink. So as were riding back to nicks house my chin felt a little loose so I thought it was a good idea to try and fix it while I was riding. I put my in on my chain while riding the bike and my hand got stuck in the chain and I couldn't get it out and the only way to get my finger out was to peddle and get it out of the chain but once I peddled I felt this very sharp pain in my finger but didn't look till I got to my friend's house.Once I had finally looked at it, it took me a second to really realize my finger was Just barely hanging on by a small piece of skin. Nicks mom then did all she could and called my mom and said â€Å"you need to take Andrew to the emergency room†. My mom rushed over to nicks house and we went to the emergency room. After the x rays were taken of my finger they were able to stitch It back together and make sure I could still have feeling in my finger and that the bone healed well. My finger By Vanessa they were able to stitch it back together and make sure I could still have feeling in my

Ancient Greek Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ancient Greek Architecture - Essay Example The Greek architects also adopted designs and patterns from foreign architectural styles that include illustrations of women figures and animals including birds, winged lions and other beasts (Raaflaub and Wees). The archaic period mainly based on the artists` practices of adopting foreign styles for introducing an innovative style of the Greek art. Furthermore, a dominating influence of this innovative style has been observed in various city states of the Greece such as, in Sparta architects and other creative artists started learning ivory carving and bronze styling in order, to utilize these motifs and designs in the stylish buildings of the new period (Raaflaub and Wees). Additionally, artists of the Laconia and the Corinthians discovered a pattern of using small animals and floral prints and called it as silhouetted style. As this period`s main theme was associated with the natural scenes, thus Athens started demonstrating nature and methodological characters in the abstract paintings (Couprie, Hahn and Naddaf). However, during the whole period main focus of the artists remained with the innovative and natural representation of human figures specifically, children and women (Couprie, Hahn and Naddaf). The metropolitan Museum is a self-speaking evidence of Egyptian influence on the Archaic Greek period. Other examples of the archaic period influence include two main orders of Greek art such as, Doric order of western colonies and mainland Greece and the Ionic order of the Ionic Islands (Raaflaub and Wees).

Psychology- Counseling - Dying to be thin Essay

Psychology- Counseling - Dying to be thin - Essay Example The consequences of the disease can be seen in most aspects of the physical body, including the potential for death. The starvation, which is part of the restrictive eating that progressively lowers the body weight, can create a situation within the body from which recovery is no longer possible, the victim wasting away into death. The treatment for this disorder includes creating acceptance in order to combat the denial and health considerations that include gaining weight under the care of a doctor. The issues that bring on this disease can include traumas that include circumstances that are beyond the control of a child, thus creating the need for that child to find a way to control something in their life. The ability to control the intake of food becomes one way to assert his or her ability to have control. Another driving factor in the development of body distortion issues is the high level of media objectification of women and the way in which they are defined through standard s that few women can attain. This social pressure combines with the ideas of perfection and control in order to create the psychological stew in which the disease is formed. In addition, social networks on the internet are now providing forums through which community can be found for those who are still deluded and believe that it is a lifestyle. As well as community, dangerous tips are given about how to combat the recognition of parents and doctors of the existence of the disease within those who are suffering under it’s delusions. Defining Anorexia Nervosa The disease of anorexia nervosa is defined by a internalized belief that the body is not thin enough. The psychology of the victim is framed by a warped sense of their own image, a belief that their body is carrying too much weight and by controlling how much weight they carry, they will be controlling an aspect of their emotional life that is outside of their control. It is the internalized belief that through starvatio n or binging, they have grasped hold of something within their experience that has remained illusive. However, the disease is an obsession and has nothing to do with having true control over one’s life. The disease will then take control, leaving all other aspects of life outside of the concerns of food intact, exercise, and the movement of the scale as it moves lower and lower. Anorexia is defined by changes in eating behaviors as they become compulsive, obsessive, and attached to perceptions of body image. The division between what is a change in diet and what is a slip into anorexic behavior is a blurred line that happens at different points for different people. The most difficult problem in identifying anorexia is that the perception of the body has become greatly distorted throughout society through the objectification of an unreasonable weight ratio through media representation. According to Lucas (2004) it is common in studies of college age women to find that half wi ll display abnormal attitudes and distorted perceptions of their bodies. This, despite its close identification with anorexic tendencies, represents a social problem as it invades the population rather than a spike in the occurrence of the disease (p. 20). In order for a diagnosis to be made, physiological and

The Boy Is Stripped Pajama Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Boy Is Stripped Pajama - Research Paper Example The story begins with the family of 8 years old Bruno who have to shift from Berlin to a new home in an unknown place called out-with. As Bruno tries to adventure in his current surrounding he is informed that there are places that forbidden at all times with no expectation. Bruno is unable to control his adventurous spirit and ventures into the unknown places. The story is interesting since the writer has combined youthful innocence and naivety of what the reader knows. Comparison on the film "the boy in the striped pajamas" and the book "the boy in the striped pajamas In the book, it does not have drama and action but it still works. Drama is happening between the two boys, and this makes the book to be fascinating. The two boys do not understand anything going around the camp and this makes their relationship honest and simple. The two boys are the same only that they are born in different circumstances. One boy is born into wealth and respect while the other boy is born into pers ecution and imprisonment. At the young age of 8, neither of the boys understand what is happening around them, and their way of viewing the world is what drives the book forward. On the contrary, The Boy Is Stripped Pajama film is more dramatic than the book. Some characters get more roles than they get in the book since there is no perspective limit. The mother played by Vera goes slowly crazy into horrific and compelling at once. Bruno’s sister is also horrifying as she gradually progresses from sweet young teenager into Nazi activist. She enjoys her lessons, a factor that explains the amount of money Germans spend on the Jews and how life would be easier if they were disposed. Her sister scolds Bruno as he likes reading adventure books and does not take into new lesson plan. In the film, the dad is played to be the authoritarian family person performing his role. The arguments with his wife are moving because he wants to set a good example to his soldiers. He starts to rea lize that living in a camp is a bad place to bring up children. Overall, the film sticks to the book’s event perfectly well. The only change is the dramatic ending as it is much slower in the book compared to the film. Both the book and film are brilliant, but the book is more appealing. The book sticks to the film very well but on its own, it is not compelling. The film loses innocence and naivety of Bruno’s viewpoint, and this is what makes the book unique. On rare occasion do people get such an impact when the film ends that they exit the theater in total silence (Lasalle, 2). Many people are speechless from the stigma they get from the movie. Holocaust movies are not something new since they are moving stories that show perspective of explored situations. The movie boy in stripped pajamas sets asides evil actions of the Germans and besieged Jews but instead offers two innocent boys. These two boys are Jewish and German, and they do not know they should hate each ot her. The movie presents something tragic to the audience sending them with a strong message to consider than historical atrocities. Comparison on Plot In The Boy Is Stripped Pajama film, Bruno’s father is a young commandant who is promoted; hence, his family was forced to shift. This means that they have to leave their comfortable home in berlin and shift to a Spartan country compound. Bruno thinks the camp is a farm where odd people work in pajamas. His parents are not ready to reveal the truth to protect him from the truth. The place has little meaning to Bruno since his only concern is that he does not have anybody to play with in his new home. The only company Bruno and his sister enjoy is a propagandizing tutor (Lasalle, 2). One day Bruno sneaks out of the compound and moves on the direction of the

Discussion Question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Discussion Question - Assignment Example d in the GE official website, â€Å"during his 20 years of leadership in this position, Welch increased the value of the company from $13 billion to several hundred billion†¦ In 1999, Fortune named him the "Manager of the Century," and the Financial Times recently named him one of the three most admired business leaders in the world today† (General Electric Company (GE), 2012, pars. 1 & 7). As GE’s products and services have been reported to encompass various industries and customers worldwide (appliances, aviation, consumer electronics, electrical distribution, energy, health care, lighting, to name a few) (General Electric Company (GE0, 2012), the traits, style and characteristics exuded by Jack Welch made him effective in this organization. In one’s current role at work, the most relevant elements of that style that could be incorporated is the ability to discern which particular style would be applicable to the current situation or setting and to the particular personalities of the subordinates. As emphasized by Martires and Fule (2004), â€Å"the application of any one style depends on the situation† (p. 161). As exemplified by Welch, his leadership style could be very autocratic and at the same time be democratic depending on the needs of the organization. His ability to discern which style to apply made him most effective and enabled the tra nsformation of the organization to heights which have not been achieved prior to his leadership. Williger, D. (2007, November 3). A Number Of Famous Leaders And Their Different Leadership Styles. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from